The science

northstar nutrition

Welcome to the Science page at NorthStar Nutrition

your gateway to the science-backed world of our products

We're passionate about delivering supplements that not only meet but exceed your expectations. At NorthStar Nutrition, we firmly believe in the principle of efficacious dosing based on clinical studies. We recognize that you deserve supplements that truly work, and that's why we take every step to ensure our ingredients are meticulously dosed according to scientific research.

evidence-based nutrition

explore each ingredient in our pre-workout supplements

We invite you to explore each ingredient in our pre-workout supplements, where we've provided comprehensive insights into the clinical studies that highlight these ingredients, their numerous benefits, and the precise reasons behind our dosages. Our commitment to evidence-based nutrition means that we've invested time and effort into rigorous research to pinpoint the optimal dosages that maximize the benefits you can derive from our products.

When you choose NorthStar Nutrition, you're choosing supplements that have been carefully crafted to provide you with scientifically proven advantages.

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Why 8,000 mg of L-Citrulline Malate?

NorthStar Nutrition’s PR Pre-Workout contains 8,000 mg of L-Citrulline Malate (or simply, citrulline malate) because of the extensive amount of robust evidence supporting the effectiveness of this exact dosage. Many of our competitors’ formulas also contain citrulline malate, but with inadequate doses to unlock the full spectrum of its potential benefits. The studies outlined below provide compelling evidence of citrulline malate’s advantages in terms of:

Enhancing Muscular Endurance

Amplifying Strength and Power Output

Reducing Perceived Effort

Diminishing Muscle Soreness

Accelerating Recovery

 

Key Studies

A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance

The European Journal of Applied Physiology, in a comprehensive meta-analysis, determined that to achieve notable improvements in muscular endurance (measured as repetitions until failure) with citrulline malate, individuals should aim to consume a dosage of 8,000 mg.


 

Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness

A randomized, double-blind, 2-period crossover design study published in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research investigated the effects of a single dose (8g) of citrulline malate (CM) on the performance of flat barbell bench presses as an anaerobic exercise and its impact on reducing muscle soreness after exercise. 41 males participated.

Protocol

Participants performed two consecutive pectoral training sessions (16 sets) in a randomly assigned order. In one of these training sessions, the participants were given 8 grams of CM, while a placebo was administered in the other session.

Key Findings

  • Performance Enhancement: The study revealed a significant improvement in exercise performance. The number of repetitions during flat barbell bench presses increased notably when participants consumed the 8-gram dose of CM, with the most prominent improvements observed from the third set onwards.
  • Muscle Soreness Reduction: Notably, there was a substantial 40% decrease in muscle soreness experienced at 24 and 48 hours after the pectoral training session when CM was administered.
  • Universal Effectiveness: Importantly, over 90% of the participants experienced positive effects from CM supplementation, making it a highly effective aid for athletes.

 

Effects of supplemental citrulline malate ingestion during repeated bouts of lower-body exercise in advanced weightlifters

This randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced study, also published in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, assessed the effects of citrulline malate supplementation on exercise performance, blood lactate levels, heart rate, and blood pressure during lower-body dynamic resistance exercise. 12 advanced resistance-trained males participated.

Protocol

Subjects were divided into two groups, one receiving a placebo (PL) and the other citrulline malate (8 grams). Participants then engaged in a series of lower-body resistance exercises, including the leg press, hack squat, and leg extension machines. They performed five sequential sets at 60% of their one-repetition maximum (1RM) for each exercise until failure.

Key Findings

  • Performance Improvement: The group taking citrulline malate performed significantly more repetitions in all three exercises compared to the placebo group.

 

Effects of Supplemental Citrulline-Malate Ingestion on Blood Lactate, Cardiovascular Dynamics, and Resistance Exercise Performance in Trained Males

This randomized, counterbalanced, double-blind study, published in the Journal of Dietary Supplements, investigated the impact of citrulline-malate (CM) supplementation on repeated bouts of resistance exercise. 14 resistance-trained males participated.

Protocol

The participants were randomly assigned to two groups: one receiving a placebo (PL) and the other CM (8 grams). The participants performed three sets of three exercises to failure: chin-ups, reverse chin-ups, and push-ups.

Key Findings

  • Taking CM enhanced participants’ performance by helping them do more reps in their workouts.
  • Chin-ups: CM group did an average of 32.2 reps compared to 28.4 in the placebo group (a noticeable increase).
  • Reverse chin-ups: CM group averaged 32.1 reps, compared to 26.6 in the placebo group (again, a clear improvement).
  • Push-ups: CM group averaged 97.7 reps compared to 89.1 in the placebo group (a significant increase).

 

Acute citrulline malate supplementation improves upper- and lower-body submaximal weightlifting exercise performance in resistance-trained females

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, published in the European Journal of Nutrition, assessed the effects of acute citrulline malate (CM) supplementation on the performance of upper- and lower-body weightlifting exercises in resistance-trained females. Given physiological differences between genders, this research focused specifically on how CM impacts female athletes. 15 females, with an average age of 23 years participated.

Protocol

Participants were randomly assigned to two groups, one receiving CM (8 grams dextrose + 8 grams CM) and the other a placebo (8 grams dextrose).

An hour after taking their assigned supplement, the participants engaged in weightlifting exercises.

Key Findings

  • Improved Exercise Performance: CM supplementation led to significantly more repetitions in both upper- and lower-body exercises.
  • Upper-body (bench press): The CM group did an average of 34.1 reps compared to 32.9 reps with the placebo group.
  • Lower-body (leg press): The CM group resulted in an average of 66.7 reps, while the placebo group averaged 55.13 reps.
  • Reduced Perceived Effort: When participants consumed CM, their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during upper-body exercises was significantly lower compared to when they took the placebo (RPE of 7.9 vs. 8.6, respectively).

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Why 4,000 mg of CarnoSyn® beta-alanine?

NorthStar Nutrition’s PR Pre-Workout contains 8,000 mg of L-Citrulline Malate (or simply, citrulline malate) because of the extensive amount of robust evidence supporting the effectiveness of this exact dosage. Many of our competitors’ formulas also contain citrulline malate, but with inadequate doses to unlock the full spectrum of its potential benefits. The studies outlined below provide compelling evidence of citrulline malate’s advantages in terms of:

Enhancing Muscular Endurance

Amplifying Strength and Power Output

Reducing Perceived Effort

Diminishing Muscle Soreness

Accelerating Recovery

 

Key Studies

International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine

The International Society of Sports Nutrition International Society’s extensive meta-analysis firmly supports daily supplementation of beta-alanine within the range of 4-6 grams for a minimum of four weeks. This regimen has been shown to significantly increase muscle carnosine levels, acting as an intracellular pH buffer. This practice consistently enhances exercise performance, particularly in activities lasting 1 to 4 minutes, and helps reduce neuromuscular fatigue.


 

Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis

Drawing from a comprehensive meta-analysis involving 15 studies and 360 participants, beta-alanine showed significant performance enhancement. The meta-analysis showed particular improvement in exercises lasting between one minute and four minutes in duration, resulting in an impressive average improvement of 2.85%. Notably, to unlock these advantages, athletes must accumulate a substantial 179-gram intake or “loading phase” of beta-alanine over time.


 

Effects of β-alanine supplementation on performance and body composition in collegiate wrestlers and football players

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessed the effectiveness of beta-alanine supplementation as an ergogenic aid in tests of anaerobic power output following an 8-week training regimen consisting of high-intensity interval, repeated sprint, and resistance training. 22 college wrestlers (average age 19.9 years) and 15 college football players (average age 18.6 years) participated.

Protocol

Participants were divided into two groups, one receiving 4 grams per day of beta-alanine and the other receiving a placebo in powdered capsule form.

Key Findings

  • Performance Improvements: Participants taking beta-alanine showed more favorable results on all performance tests compared to those on the placebo. The football players in the supplement group, in particular, exhibited substantial improvements, with a 1.1-second decrease in 300-yard shuttle time (compared to 0.4 seconds for the placebo group) and a 3.0-second increase in flexed-arm hang time (compared to 0.39 seconds for the placebo group).
  • Weight and Lean Mass Changes: The wrestlers, both in the placebo and supplement groups, lost weight (which was the intended goal, aligning with their weight bracket allowance). However, the supplement group increased lean mass by 1.1 pounds, whereas the placebo group lost 0.98 pounds of lean mass. On the other hand, both groups of football players gained weight, with the supplement group gaining an average of 2.1 pounds of lean mass compared to 1.1 pound for the placebo group.
  • Training Regimen Effect: The study suggests that beta-alanine has the potential to enhance performance and promote the accumulation of lean mass in a relatively short period (8 weeks) among previously trained athletes. Additionally, the type and intensity of the training regimen may influence the degree of benefit from beta-alanine supplementation.

 

Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women

This study, published in Amino Acids, The Forum for Amino Acid, Peptide and Protein Research, aimed to explore the effects of 28 days of beta-alanine supplementation on various aspects of exercise performance in women. The study assessed CarnoSyn’s effect on participants’ physical working capacity at fatigue threshold (PWCFT), ventilatory threshold (VT), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2-MAX), and time-to-exhaustion (TTE) before and after the supplementation period. 22 women – with an average age of 27.4 years – participated.

Protocol

Participants were divided into two groups, one receiving beta-alanine and the other a placebo. The study lasted for 28 days, during which participants took their assigned supplement.

Key Findings

  • Improved Endurance: The beta-alanine group showed significant improvements in several key measures:
  • Ventilatory threshold (VT) increased by 13.9%.
  • Physical working capacity at fatigue threshold (PWCFT) increased by 12.6%.
  • Time-to-exhaustion (TTE) during maximal cycle ergometry performance increased by 2.5%.

 

Effects of twenty-eight days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study explored the effects of 28 days of supplementation with beta-alanine (b-Ala) and creatine monohydrate (CrM) on the delay of neuromuscular fatigue in untrained men. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: placebo (PLA), creatine monohydrate (CrM), beta-alanine (b-Ala), or a combination of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate (CrBA). Supplements were taken multiple times per day for six consecutive days and then reduced to twice daily for the remainder of the study. The primary measure was the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold (PWC(FT)), assessed before and after supplementation. 51 untrained males with an average age of 24.5 years participated.

Protocol

Participants were divided into four groups, each receiving a different supplement regimen. The supplementation period lasted for 28 days, with varying dosages of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate.

Key Finding

  • Delay in Neuromuscular Fatigue: The groups receiving beta-alanine (b-Ala) and the combination of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate (CrBA) showed significant improvements in the delay of neuromuscular fatigue, as indicated by higher PWC(FT) values compared to the placebo group (PLA).

 

Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study explored how combining beta-alanine supplementation with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) impacts endurance performance and aerobic metabolism in college-aged men. Participants were assessed for various parameters related to endurance and aerobic capacity, including peak oxygen utilization (VO2peak), time to fatigue (VO2TTE), ventilatory threshold (VT), and total work done at 110% of their pre-training VO2peak (TWD). The study was double-blind, with participants randomly assigned to one of two groups: a placebo group (PL) or a beta-alanine group (BA). Both groups took their respective supplements for six weeks while participating in HIIT training. 46 college-aged men with an average age of 22.2 years participated.

Protocol

Participants were divided into two groups: one received a placebo, and the other received beta-alanine. Supplements were taken four times per day for the first 21 days (total of 6 g/day) and then reduced to two times per day (3 g/day) for the following 21 days. Participants engaged in six weeks of HIIT training, consisting of 5-6 bouts of cycling work to rest ratio (2:1).

Key Findings

  • Positive Impact of HIIT: After three weeks of training, significant improvements were observed in key measures, including VO2peak, VO2TTE, and TWD. These improvements highlight the effectiveness of HIIT in enhancing aerobic capacity and endurance (p < 0.05).
  • Additional Benefits with Beta-Alanine: Following the second three weeks of training, the beta-alanine group (BA) demonstrated significant increases in VO2peak, VO2TTE, TWD, and lean body mass, which were not observed in the placebo group (PL). This suggests that consistent beta-alanine supplementation may enhance the benefits of HIIT, particularly in improving endurance performance and lean body mass.

 

Important role of muscle carnosine in rowing performance

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study explored the role of carnosine, a compound found in millimolar concentrations in human skeletal muscle, in the performance of highly trained rowers. The research investigated whether muscle carnosine content is related to performance and whether supplementation with beta-alanine, which increases muscle carnosine, can enhance performance in elite athletes. 18 Belgian elite rowers participated.

Protocol

Participants were divided into two groups: one received a placebo, and the other received beta-alanine supplementation at a dose of 5 grams per day over a period of 7 weeks.

Key Findings

  • Correlation with Performance: There was a strong positive correlation between muscle carnosine content and rowing performance across various distances (100m, 500m, 2,000m, and 6,000m). This suggested that higher muscle carnosine levels were associated with better performance.
  • Beta-Alanine Supplementation: After beta-alanine supplementation, muscle carnosine content increased significantly by 45.3% in the soleus muscle and 28.2% in the gastrocnemius muscle (muscles of the calf).
  • Performance Enhancement: Following supplementation, the beta-alanine group improved their rowing performance by being 4.3 seconds faster in a 2,000-meter ergometer test compared to the placebo group. Before supplementation, the beta-alanine group was 0.3 seconds slower.
  • Correlation with Performance Enhancement: The study found a positive correlation between the increase in muscle carnosine and the improvement in 2,000-meter rowing performance, suggesting that muscle carnosine content is a determinant of rowing performance.

 

Beta-alanine and the hormonal response to exercise

This study investigated the impact of 30 days of beta-alanine supplementation (4.8 grams per day) on resistance exercise performance and hormonal changes. The study employed an acute resistance exercise protocol involving 6 sets of 12 repetitions of the squat exercise at 70% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM), with 1.5 minutes of rest between sets. Blood samples were collected at various time points before and after exercise to measure concentrations of growth hormone, testosterone, and cortisol. 8 experienced resistance-trained males participated.

Protocol

Participants were given beta-alanine (BA) or a placebo (PL) for 30 days at a dose of 4.8 grams per day.

Key Finding

  • Improved Muscular Endurance: After 4 weeks of beta-alanine supplementation, there was a significant 22% difference in the total number of repetitions performed during resistance exercise between the beta-alanine (BA) and placebo (PL) groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, the mean power output was notably higher in the beta-alanine group.

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Why 3,000 mg of Betaine Anhydrouse?

NorthStar Nutrition’s PR Pre-Workout contains 3,000 mg of Betaine Anydrous because of the extensive amount of robust evidence supporting the effectiveness of this exact dosage. The studies outlined below provide compelling evidence of betaine’s advantages in terms of:

Increased Peak Power and Strength Output

Increased Training Volume

Optimized Body Composition

Decreased Cortisol Levels

Increased Muscle Oxygenation

Decreased Homocysteine Levels

 

Key Studies

Effect of betaine supplementation on cycling sprint performance

This double-blind, randomized, crossover-designed study investigated the effects of betaine supplementation on cycling sprint performance. Male and female participants completed a series of sprint tests involving four 12-second efforts against a resistance equal to 5.5% of their body weight. The tests were conducted under various conditions: baseline, placebo, and betaine supplementation. The study included a total of 16 recreationally active subjects, both males and females.

Protocol

Participants underwent three sprint tests, with a 3-week washout period between tests two and three. For tests two and three, participants consumed either a placebo (carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage) or a beverage containing 0.42% betaine (approximately 2.5 grams of betaine per day). The betaine or placebo beverages were consumed daily, with half taken in the morning and half in the afternoon.

Key Findings

  • Performance Improvements: Compared to baseline measurements, betaine supplementation resulted in significant increases in various sprint performance parameters, including average peak power (6.4%), maximum peak power (5.7%), average mean power (5.4%), and maximum mean power (4.4%).
  • Betaine vs. Placebo: In comparison to the placebo group, the betaine-supplemented group also experienced significant enhancements in performance metrics, including average peak power (3.4%), maximum peak power (3.8%), average mean power (3.3%), and maximum mean power (3.5%).
  • No Differences with Placebo: Notably, there were no significant differences between the placebo trials and the baseline measurements.

 

Ergogenic effects of betaine supplementation on strength and power performance

This randomized, double-blind, crossover-designed study investigated the ergogenic effects of betaine supplementation on strength and power performance. Participants completed two 14-day experimental trials, with a 14-day washout period in between, and underwent a standardized high-intensity strength/power resistance exercise challenge before and after 14 days of either betaine or placebo supplementation. The study included 12 men with an average age of 21 years and an average weight of 79.1 kg. Participants had a minimum of three months of resistance training experience.

Protocol

Participants were randomly assigned to receive either betaine or placebo supplementation for 14 days. The betaine group received 1.25 grams twice daily, for a total of 2.5 grams of betaine per day.

Key Findings

  • Strength and Power Increases: Following 14 days of betaine supplementation, participants exhibited significant increases in various strength and power performance measures. These improvements were observed in bench throw power, isometric bench press force, vertical jump power, and isometric squat force during a standardized high-intensity resistance exercise challenge.
  • Specific Performance Enhancements: Notably, betaine supplementation resulted in enhanced power, force, and maintenance of these measures in specific performance metrics, particularly in the smaller upper-body muscle groups.

 

Effect of betaine supplementation on power performance and fatigue

This double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of 15 days of betaine supplementation on muscle endurance, power performance, and the rate of fatigue in active college-aged men. The study included 24 male participants with an average age of 20-21 years.

Protocol

One group received daily betaine supplementation of 1.25 grams twice daily, for a total of 2.5 grams per day, while the other group received a placebo.

Key Findings

  • Squat Exercise Endurance: The number of repetitions performed in the squat exercise was significantly greater in the betaine group compared to the placebo group at both 7 days and 14 days after supplementation.
  • Quality of Squat Repetitions: The betaine group demonstrated a significantly higher number of repetitions performed at 90% or greater of peak power in the squat exercise at both 7 days and 14 days of supplementation compared to the placebo group.

 

Effects of chronic betaine supplementation on performance in professional young soccer players during a competitive season: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study investigated the impact of betaine supplementation on the bio-motor abilities of young professional soccer players during a competitive season. Participants were matched by position and randomly assigned to either a betaine group or a placebo group. The study involved 29 young professional soccer players with an average age of approximately 15.5 years.

Protocol

Participants in the betaine group received 2 grams of betaine per day, while those in the placebo group received a placebo, for a duration of 14 weeks. Various performance measures were assessed at three time points: pre-season (P1), mid-season (P2), and post-season (P3) over the course of 5 days each. Performance measures included muscular power, change of direction, acceleration, sprint performance, muscular strength, repeated sprint ability, and aerobic capacity.

Key Findings

  • Muscular Strength and Power: The betaine group showed significant improvements in their 1-rep maximums during the mid-season and post-season measuring periods compared to the placebo group.
  • Aerobic Capacity: The betaine group also had significant improvements in their VO2 max measurements in the mid-season and post-season measuring periods compared to the placebo.
  • Sprint Performance and Peak Power: The betaine group showed meaningful improvements in their running-based anaerobic sprint test compared to the placebo group.

 

The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on body composition and performance in collegiate females: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial

This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study investigated the impact of consistent betaine supplementation on resistance training adaptation in young women, particularly in terms of body composition and muscular performance. The study included 23 young women with an average age of approximately 21 years who were new to structured resistance training.

Protocol

After one week of familiarization training, participants were matched for body composition and squat strength and randomly assigned to either a betaine (2.5 g/day) or placebo group. Both groups underwent resistance training for 8 weeks, consisting of three sets of 6-7 exercises per day performed to momentary muscular failure. Training sessions included two lower body and one upper body sessions per week on non-consecutive days.

Key Findings

  • Changes in Body Composition: The betaine group showed significant improvements in lean mass (muscle gain), muscle thickness, and reductions in body fat percentage and fat mass.
  • Training Volume: A trend was observed for greater weekly training volumes in the betaine group compared to the placebo group, providing evidence that supplementation increased participants’ capacity for higher training volumes.

 

Effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular markers: A systematic review and Meta-analysis

This meta-analysis looked at the effects of taking betaine on markers related to heart health. Researchers reviewed studies published until February 2021. Here’s what they found:

  • Elevated homocysteine levels have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular events in several observational studies.
  • Betaine supplementation had positive effects on markers like betaine levels, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), homocysteine, dimethylglycine (DMG), and methionine.
  • When they looked at different doses, they found that a lower dose of betaine (less than 4 grams per day) could lower homocysteine without affecting cholesterol levels.  

In conclusion, this study suggests that taking a 3 gram dose of betaine is optimal for healthy individuals to help with heart health by reducing homocysteine levels without raising cholesterol.

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Why 1,500 mg of L-Tyrosine?

NorthStar Nutrition’s PR Pre Workout contains L-Tyrosine because of its proven ability to increase catcholamine levels depleted during stressful or challenging conditions. By doing so, L-Tyrosine alleviates stress-induced cognitive decline. The studies outlined below provide compelling evidence of L-Tyrosine’s advantages in terms of:

Increased Cognitive Performance

Increased Working Memory

Increased Attention

Reduction of Stress Signs and Symptoms 

Reduction of Blood Pressure

 

Key Studies

Effect of tyrosine on cognitive function and blood pressure under stress

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design study, published in the Brain Research Bulletin, aimed to shed light on how tyrosine influences cognitive function, stress response, and blood pressure regulation during demanding tasks. 16 participants, consisting of both genders, participated in this study, with an average age of 25.

Protocol

Participants were administered either 100 mg/kg of tyrosine or a placebo before undergoing stress-sensitive cognitive testing. These tests included tasks sensitive to stress levels, conducted under the exposure of a 90 dB noise stressor. Cognitive performance was assessed using tasks like digit span and stroop tests. Furthermore, blood pressure and heart rate were monitored throughout the testing.

Key Findings

  • Tyrosine supplementation resulted in improved performance in cognitive tasks, particularly the digit span and stroop tests, showcasing an enhancement of 1 hour post-administration.
  • Notably, participants displayed a reduction in diastolic blood pressure 15 minutes after tyrosine ingestion, while 1 hour after ingestion, diastolic blood pressure remained comparable to the placebo group.

 

Tyrosine Improves Working Memory in a Multitasking Environment

Building on previous research, this double-blind, crossover trial explored how tyrosine ingestion influences working memory, arithmetic skills, and monitoring abilities during multitasking. The objective was to ascertain if tyrosine could sustain cognitive performance, particularly in situations where stress compromises task efficiency. 20 participants, including both male and female subjects, took part. Each participant received 150 mg/kg of tyrosine or a placebo 60 minutes before engaging in cognitive testing.

Protocol

The study comprised two task batteries: a Multiple Task battery and a Simple Task battery. The Multiple Task battery simultaneously assessed working memory, arithmetic skills, and visual and auditory monitoring. On the other hand, the Simple Task battery measured working memory and visual monitoring alone. Cognitive testing occurred 1 hour post-tyrosine or placebo ingestion.

Key Findings

  • Tyrosine administration significantly enhanced working memory accuracy and reduced the frequency of list retrieval during the Multiple Task battery, showcasing its potential to sustain working memory when other cognitive demands are present.
  • The tyrosine group demonstrated superior performance on the complex Sternberg memory task, emphasizing its positive influence on tasks of higher complexity compared to simple tasks.

 

Tyrosine improves cognitive performance and reduces blood pressure in cadets after one week of a combat training course

This double-blind study investigated the effects of tyrosine, an amino acid known for its cognitive benefits, on task performance, mood, blood pressure, and norepinephrine metabolite (MHPG) levels in a group of 21 cadets during a demanding military combat training course. The objective was to ascertain if tyrosine supplementation could mitigate the impact of stress and fatigue on cognitive task performance. 21 men and women participated in this study. 

Protocol

Participants were divided into two groups based on the type of drink they received. Cognitive assessments were performed both before the training and on the 6th day.

Key Findings

  • The group supplied with the tyrosine-rich drink demonstrated enhanced performance on memory and tracking tasks compared to the carbohydrate-rich drink group, emphasizing the potential of tyrosine to boost cognitive task performance under stressful conditions.
  • Tyrosine supplementation led to a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure, suggesting a potential role in managing physiological stress during demanding tasks.
  • Overall, the findings suggest that tyrosine supplementation, particularly in high-stress and physically demanding operational circumstances, can reduce the adverse effects of stress and fatigue on cognitive task performance, highlighting its potential in such demanding environments.

 

The effects of tyrosine on cognitive performance during extended wakefulness

This double-blind study aimed to assess the behavioral effects of tyrosine supplementation during an episode of prolonged nighttime work involving sleep deprivation, evaluating its potential to counteract performance decrements. 18 men and women underwent a rigorous assessment involving nine iterations of a performance task battery and mood scales, spanning approximately 13 hours. 

Protocol

The study explored the potential of tyrosine supplementation in ameliorating performance decline induced by sleep deprivation during prolonged nighttime work. Subjects engaged in a battery of performance tasks and mood assessments over a 13-hour period, starting in the evening and concluding the next morning. Tyrosine or a placebo was administered six hours into the experiment, and performance metrics were evaluated.

Key Findings

  • Tyrosine supplementation was linked to a significant improvement in performance on a psychomotor task, countering the usual decline observed under conditions of sleep loss.
  • Moreover, tyrosine intake significantly reduced the probability of lapses during a high-event-rate vigilance task, indicating its potential to enhance sustained attention and vigilance during extended work hours.
  • These performance-enhancing effects were notable for approximately 3 hours post-supplementation, demonstrating a temporal effectiveness of tyrosine in mitigating performance decrements induced by sleep deprivation.

 

Effect of tyrosine on cognitive function and blood pressure under stress

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study delved into the effects of tyrosine on mood, cognitive tasks, heart rate, and blood pressure in a cohort of 16 healthy young subjects, particularly under stress-inducing conditions. The objective was to ascertain the potential of tyrosine in enhancing cognitive function and modulating cardiovascular responses amidst stress. 16 healthy women and men were involved in this study, contributing to an exploration of tyrosine’s effects on mood, cognitive tasks, and cardiovascular parameters. Each participant underwent testing on two separate days, one after ingesting 100 mg/kg of tyrosine and the other after placebo, with the order randomized to avoid bias.

Protocol

The study rigorously assessed the impact of tyrosine on various facets of cognitive performance and cardiovascular metrics. Subjects were exposed to a stressor, a 90 dB noise, while engaging in stress-sensitive tasks. Two cognitive tasks were conducted an hour after medication ingestion, designed to be highly sensitive to stress levels. Heart rate, blood pressure, and mood assessments were conducted to comprehensively evaluate tyrosine’s effects.

Key Findings

  • Tyrosine demonstrated a notable enhancement in performance on two cognitive tasks, specifically those highly responsive to stress, underscoring its potential in improving cognitive function even under challenging conditions.
  • A reduction in diastolic blood pressure was observed 15 minutes post-tyrosine ingestion, highlighting a potential antihypertensive effect of tyrosine.
  • These findings illuminate tyrosine’s potential in fostering stress-resilient cognitive performance and its intriguing influence on blood pressure dynamics, positioning it as a candidate for further investigations into stress modulation and cardiovascular health.

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Why 600 mg of Alpha GPC?

NorthStar Nutrition’s PR Pre Workout contains 600 mg of Alpha GPC (Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine) because of the extensive amount of robust evidence supporting the effectiveness of this exact dosage. To unlock the full spectrum of Alpha GPC’s mental and physical potential benefits, an intake of 600 mg is crucial. The studies outlined below provide compelling evidence of Alpha-GPC’s advantages in terms of:

Increased Cognitive Performance

Neuroprotective Abilities

Improved Neuromuscular Connection

Increased Power Output

Increased Human Growth Hormone

 

Key Studies

The effects of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, caffeine or placebo on markers of mood, cognitive function, power, speed, and agility

Alpha-GPC and caffeine are known to boost mental and physical performance. Alpha-GPC helps with learning and memory, while caffeine enhances focus and athleticism. However, this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design study aimed to understand how Alpha-GPC and caffeine immediately affect mood, brain function, and physical performance. 20 participants (10 males, 10 females), with an average age of 22, took part in this study. 

Protocol

They were given either 200 mg of Alpha-GPC (aGPC-L), 400 mg of Alpha-GPC (aGPC-H), 200 mg of caffeine (CA), or a placebo (PL). After 30 minutes, they underwent various tests, including mood assessment, a mental subtraction task, and tests for reaction time, hand-eye coordination, power, speed, and agility.

Key Findings

  • Participants who took Alpha-GPC had significantly faster scores in the mental task compared to those who took caffeine (CA) or the placebo (PL). Their scores improved by 18.1% and 10.5%, respectively. 
  • Additionally, the aGPC-L group displayed significantly higher Vertical Jump Peak Power compared to the placebo group, with an 8.5% increase. The aGPC-H group also had enhanced power by 7.5%.

 

The effect of 6 days of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on isometric strength

This double blind, placebo controlled, cross-over design study aimed to investigate whether six days of Alpha-GPC supplementation could increase isometric force production compared to a placebo. 13 college-aged males (with average characteristics including age, height, weight, VO2 max, and body fat percentage) participated.

Protocol

During an initial visit, participants familiarized themselves with isometric mid-thigh pulls and upper-body isometric tests. Baseline measurements were taken for both tests. Then, participants took either 600 mg of Alpha-GPC or a placebo daily for six days. After this period, they performed isometric mid-thigh pulls and the upper-body isometric test again. There was a one-week washout period before participants’ baselines were re-measured, and they crossed over to the other treatment.

Key Findings

  • The Alpha-GPC treatment led to a significant increase in isometric mid-thigh pull peak force compared to baseline, while the placebo group experienced a decrease in force. 
  • For the upper-body test, the Alpha-GPC treatment trended towards increased force production compared to baseline.

 

Acute supplementation with alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine augments growth hormone response to, and peak force production during, resistance exercise

Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (A-GPC), an acetylcholine precursor, has shown potential in elevating growth hormone (GH) levels. This randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study aimed to investigate the effects of a supplement primarily containing A-GPC on serum GH levels, explosive performance, and post-exercise substrate oxidation. 7 men, with an average age of 30.1 years participated. All participants had at least two years of resistance training experience.

Protocol

Participants were randomly assigned to ingest either 600 mg of A-GPC (as AlphaSize™) or a placebo 90 minutes before performing six sets of ten repetitions of Smith Machine squats at 70% of their pre-determined 1-repetition maximum. After the exercise, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured using indirect calorimetry to assess post-exercise caloric expenditure and carbohydrate and fat oxidation. Following these measurements, participants performed three sets of bench press at 50% of their pre-determined 1-repetition maximum to assess peak force, peak power, and rate of force development. Serum samples were collected before exercise and at several time points up to 120 minutes post-exercise to measure hormone concentrations, including GH.

Key Findings

  • Compared to the placebo, A-GPC led to a substantial 44-fold increase in peak GH levels. 
  • Peak bench press force was 14% greater in the A-GPC group compared to the placebo group. 
  • Additionally, trends suggested higher peak bench press power and lower post-exercise RER in the A-GPC trial.

 

Glycerophosphocholine enhances growth hormone secretion and fat oxidation in young adults

This double-blind, randomized, crossover study aimed to investigate the immediate physiological responses to a single dose of Alpha-GPC. 8 healthy male subjects, with an average age of 25 years participated. 

Protocol

In a randomized order, participants ingested either 1000 mg of GPC or a placebo. Fasting blood samples were collected before GPC administration (baseline) and at 60 and 120 minutes after ingestion. Subjects repeated the same protocol using the placebo.

Key Findings 

After Alpha-GPC intake, there was a significant increase in plasma free choline levels at 60 and 120 minutes. 

  • Plasma growth hormone secretion significantly increased 60 minutes after GPC administration, while no significant changes were observed with the placebo. 
  • Furthermore, serum free fatty acid levels increased 120 minutes after GPC ingestion, whereas there were no changes with the placebo. 
  • Additionally, levels of serum acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate, indicators of hepatic fat oxidation, increased at 120 minutes after Alpha-GPC consumption, while the placebo had no effect.

 

Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

This multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of the cholinergic precursor Alpha-GPC in managing cognitive impairment associated with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. The study enrolled 261 patients, 132 in the Alpha-GPC group and 129 in the placebo group. The Alpha-GPC group had a mean age of 72.2 years, and the placebo group had a mean age of 71.7 years. The Alpha-GPC group consisted of 105 women and 27 men, while the placebo group included 94 women and 35 men.

Protocol

Individuals with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s dementia were administered either Alpha-GPC (400 mg capsules) or placebo capsules, three times daily, for 180 days. Various cognitive and behavioral assessments were conducted at the beginning of the study and after 90 and 180 days of treatment, including the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Behavioral Subscale (ADAS-Behav), all items of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-Total), and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale. The Global Improvement Scale (GIS) score was also assessed after 90 and 180 days of treatment.

Key Findings

  • Patients treated with Alpha-GPC experienced a mean reduction in ADAS-Cog score of 2.42 points after 90 days and 3.20 points at the end of the 180-day study period. In contrast, the placebo group showed a mean increase in ADAS-Cog score of 0.36 points after 90 days and 2.90 points after 180 days of treatment. 
  • Other assessed parameters, including MMSE, GDS, ADAS-Behav, ADAS-Total, and CGI, consistently improved after 90 and 180 days in the Alpha-GPC group compared to baseline, while in the placebo group, they remained stable or worsened. 
  • Statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups after 90 and 180 days for ADAS-Cog, MMSE, GDS, ADAS-Total, and CGI scores. After 180 days, differences were also significant for ADAS-Behav and GIS scores.

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Why combine L-Theanine & Caffeine?

NorthStar Nutrition’s PR Pre-Workout contains a 2:1 ratio of L-Theanine to Caffeine because of the extensive amount of robust evidence supporting the effectiveness of this exact dosage. The studies outlined below provide compelling evidence of this ratio for advantages in terms of:

Increased Cognitive Performance

Inhibiting the Increased Blood-Pressure Response from Caffeine

Reduced Anxiety

Reduced Stress

 

Key Studies

The combined effects of L-theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood

This study, published in the Nutritional Neuroscience Journal, aimed to assess the effects of caffeine (50 mg), both alone and in combination with L-theanine (100 mg), on the cognitive performance and mood of healthy individuals. It involved 27 participants and examined word recognition, rapid visual information processing, critical flicker fusion threshold, attention switching, and mood compared to a placebo. The study comprised of 27 healthy volunteers.

Protocol

Participants received one of three treatments: caffeine (50 mg), caffeine (50 mg) with L-theanine (100 mg), or a placebo. These treatments were administered at baseline and again at 60 minutes and 90 minutes after each dose, with a 7-day washout period.

Key Finding

  • Caffeine and L-theanine Combination: The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improved both the speed and accuracy of performance in the attention-switching task at 60 minutes. Additionally, it reduced susceptibility to distraction during the memory task at both 60 minutes and 90 minutes.

 

The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness

This study examined the effects of combining L-theanine (97 mg) and caffeine (40 mg), naturally occurring compounds found in tea, on cognitive performance, alertness, blood pressure, and heart rate in a group of young adults. The study involved 44 young adults.

Protocol

Participants received either a combination of L-theanine (97 mg) and caffeine (40 mg) or a placebo. Measurements were taken at baseline and 20 minutes and 70 minutes after administering the L-theanine and caffeine combination or the placebo.

Key Finding

  • L-theanine and Caffeine Combination: The combination significantly improved accuracy during task switching and enhanced self-reported alertness. It also reduced self-reported tiredness.

 

Time for tea: mood, blood pressure and cognitive performance effects of caffeine and theanine administered alone and together

This study investigated the effects of theanine, caffeine, and their combination on subjective experiences, behavior, and blood pressure, with a focus on their relevance to the daily tea consumption of regular tea drinkers. The study included 48 healthy adult participants.

Protocol

Participants were randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments: 250 mg caffeine, 200 mg theanine, both caffeine and theanine, or neither (placebo). Mood ratings, including anxiety and alertness, were collected from participants. Blood pressure measurements were taken before and 40 minutes after drug administration. Anxiety was also assessed using a visual probe task.

Key Findings

  • Caffeine Effects: Caffeine increased self-rated alertness and jitteriness, as well as blood pressure.
  • Theanine Effects: Theanine counteracted the rise in blood pressure caused by caffeine

 

Effects of L-theanine or caffeine intake on changes in blood pressure under physical and psychological stresses

This study focused on the effects of L-theanine and caffeine, commonly found in green tea, on mental task performance and physiological responses under conditions of stress. 14 individuals participated.

Protocol

Participants were assigned to three groups, receiving L-theanine + placebo, caffeine + placebo, or placebo alone. Mental tasks were performed to assess cognitive performance and stress responses. Blood pressure changes were monitored.

Key Findings

  • L-theanine Effects: L-theanine significantly reduced increases in blood pressure, particularly in individuals with higher stress responses. It also decreased Tension-Anxiety scores compared to placebo.

 

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of caffeine and L-theanine both alone and in combination on cerebral blood flow, cognition and mood

This study investigated the effects of caffeine and L-theanine, both found in tea, on cerebral blood flow (CBF), cognitive performance, and mood. It involved habitual and non-habitual caffeine consumers who received caffeine, L-theanine, a combination of both, or a placebo. The study included 12 habitual and 12 non-habitual caffeine consumers.

Protocol

Participants received doses of 75 mg caffeine, 50 mg L-theanine, a combination of both, or a placebo in a counterbalanced order across four separate visits. CBF was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy, and cognition and mood were assessed before and 30 minutes after dosing. Salivary caffeine levels and peripheral hemodynamics were also monitored.

Key Finding

  • Combined Caffeine and L-theanine Effects: Combining L-theanine with caffeine, at levels and ratios equivalent to one to two cups of tea, eliminated the vasoconstrictive effect and behavioral effects of caffeine. 

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Why 150mg of elevATP®?

elevATP® is an extensively researched, patented combination of micronutrients from ancient peat (fossilized plants) and apple skin extracts  NorthStar Nutrition’s PR Pre-Workout contains 150 mg of elevATP® because of the extensive amount of robust evidence supporting the effectiveness of this exact dosage. The studies outlined below provide compelling evidence of elevATP®’s advantages in terms of:

Increased power output and strength

Increased lean (muscle) mass

Higher levels of mitochondrial ATP

 

Key Studies

Ancient Peat and Apple Extracts Supplementation May Improve Strength and Power Adaptations in Resistance Trained Men

This randomized, double-blind study aimed to assess the impact of supplementing with a proprietary blend of ancient peat and apple extracts, known to potentially increase cellular ATP levels, on athletic performance during a 12-week periodized resistance training program. The study involved 25 healthy, resistance-trained male participants capable of lifting weights equivalent to 1.5 times their body weight in squats and deadlifts, and their body weight in bench presses.

Protocol

Participants were divided into two groups, with one group taking 150 mg of the proprietary blend before workouts or at a similar time on non-workout days, and the other group receiving a visually-identical placebo. The resistance training program consisted of 8 weeks of daily undulating periodized training, followed by a 2-week overreach phase and a 2-week taper phase. Strength was measured through 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) tests in squat, bench press, and deadlift exercises, while peak power and velocity were assessed during various exercises.

Key Findings

  • The elevATP® group showed significant improvements compared to the placebo group in several key performance metrics. 
  • These included increased squat and deadlift strength (load) and total strength (load) across the three exercises. 
  • Vertical jump peak power and velocity also increased in the TRT group. 
  • Additionally, at week 10, the elevATP® group performed more bench press repetitions than the placebo group. 
  • Body composition results indicated an increase in the size of the cross-sectional area and muscle thickness.

 

The Effect of ElevATP ™ on Exercise Output: A Single Dose, Blinded, Three-Way Cross-Over Study

This blinded three-way crossover pilot study aimed to investigate the acute effects of a single dose of ElevATP™ on exercise performance in sedentary individuals. 9 healthy individuals (four females and five males) with sedentary lifestyles participated in this study. Their average age was 27.3 years.

Protocol

Each participant received a single dose of 150 mg of ElevATP™ from two different lots (Lot A and Lot B) and a placebo control. The study assessed their exercise performance before, during, and after a 20-minute stepping exercise.

Key Findings

  • Subjects who received ElevATP™ (from either Lot A or Lot B) demonstrated a significant improvement in exercise performance compared to when they received the placebo. They took a significantly greater number of steps and burned more calories during exercise.

 

The Effect of elevATPTM on Whole Blood ATP levels: A Single Dose, Crossover Clinical Study

This acute, placebo-controlled, single-dose crossover clinical study aimed to test the supplement’s ability to increase endogenous whole blood ATP levels in a larger group and specifically investigate its impact on muscle tissue. 20 healthy adult subjects participated. They were in a fasted and resting state during the study.

Protocol

The study consisted of two days of testing. On the first day, participants received an oral placebo. On the second day, they were given a single 150 mg dose of elevATP®. Blood samples were collected immediately before treatment and at 60 and 120 minutes after ingestion. Measurements included whole blood ATP, plasma ATP, hemoglobin, blood lactate, and blood glucose levels. Additionally, a muscle biopsy was performed on one subject before, and 60 and 120 minutes after, taking elevATP®.

Key Findings

  • Acute increase of ATP levels in whole blood up to 40% within the first hour of ingestion and 28% after two hours versus baseline
  • Acute increase of ATP levels in muscle up to 333% within just 2 hours of ingestion
  • No significant change in ROS (reactive oxygen species)
  • No significant change in lactate levels

 

Effect of the Dietary Supplement elevATP® on Blood ATP level: An Acute Pilot Clinical Study

This acute, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical trial aimed to investigate the effects of elevATP® on blood ATP levels. The study involved 18 generally healthy adult human subjects.

Protocol

Participants received either a single 150 mg dose of elevATP® or 50 mg of encapsulated silica oxide (placebo). Blood samples were collected before treatment and at 60, 90, and 120 minutes after treatment. Measurements included whole blood ATP, total mammalian target for rapamycin (mTOR), lactate, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glucose levels.

Key Findings

  • Acute increase in whole blood ATP levels by an average of 64% versus baseline
  • No significant change in ROS (reactive oxygen species)
  • No significant change in lactate levels

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Why 10 mg of BioPerine®?

BioPerine® is a patented piperine extract. Piperine is recognized for its ability to alter the way the body processes a range of drugs and supplements, with one of its most remarkable effects being the enhancement of nutrient bioavailability. The studies outlined below provide compelling evidence of BioPerine’s advantages in terms of:

Enhanced Bioavailability of Critical Nutrients

Increased Intestinal Absorption

Efficient Use of Essential Elements

 

Key Studies

Iron and Physical Activity: Bioavailability Enhancers, Properties of Black Pepper (Bioperine®) and Potential Applications

This study, which referenced 56 other studies, underscored the potential value of incorporating BioPerine® in pre-workout supplements, as it consistently enhanced the bioavailability of critical nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, antioxidants, and herbal extracts. BioPerine®’s ability to stimulate thermogenic action in the small intestine’s epithelial cells optimizes nutrient absorption. Its broader application implies that pre-workout supplements with BioPerine® may help individuals efficiently utilize essential elements, potentially enhancing overall physical performance.


 

Piperine, an alkaloid derived from black pepper increases serum response of beta-carotene during 14-days of oral beta-carotene supplementation

This double-blind, crossover study examined the impact of piperine, derived from black pepper fruit, on the serum response to beta-carotene during oral supplementation in healthy adult males with low pre-supplementation serum beta-carotene levels. The study involved healthy adult men with low initial beta-carotene levels.

Protocol

Participants took 15 mgs of a beta-carotene supplements with either 5mg piperine or a placebo for 14 days in two separate periods.

Key Finding

  • The group taking beta-carotene with piperine had significantly higher levels of beta-carotene in their blood compared to the group taking beta-carotene with a placebo. Piperine increased the absorption of beta-carotene by 60%.

 

Piperine derived from black pepper increases the plasma levels of coenzyme q10 following oral supplementation

This double-blind study investigated the potential of a black pepper extract, comprising a minimum of 98% pure piperine, to enhance the absorption of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). The study involved 12 healthy adult males aged 20 to 47.

Protocol

Participants were administered either 90 mg or 120 mg of CoQ10 in a single-dose experiment or during separate experiments lasting 14 or 21 days. Some received a placebo, while others were given 5 mg of piperine alongside their CoQ10.

Key Finding

  • When participants took CoQ10 with piperine for 21 days, their plasma CoQ10 levels significantly increased by approximately 30%, compared to those taking CoQ10 with a placebo.

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Why 400 mcg of Huperzine A?

In NorthStar Nutrition’s PR Pre-Workout, we include 400 mcg of Huperzine A, a well-studied compound known for its neurocognitive benefits, to effectively enhance your mental alertness focus during your workout. 

 

Key Studies

Progress in studies of huperzine A, a natural cholinesterase inhibitor from Chinese herbal medicine

Huperzine A (HupA) is a compound derived from a Chinese herb called Huperzia serrata. It’s known for its ability to effectively and specifically inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a key enzyme involved in memory regulation. Compared to other AChE inhibitors like tacrine, donepezil, and rivastigmine, HupA can easily cross the blood-brain barrier, is well-absorbed when taken orally, and stays active for longer periods in inhibiting AChE. Studies on animals have demonstrated that HupA improves memory and cognitive functions. Additionally, HupA has shown protective properties against various harmful factors that can damage cells in the brain, such as oxidative stress, β-amyloid protein, and certain toxins. It achieves this protection by reducing oxidative stress, influencing the expression of specific proteins related to cell survival and death, promoting nerve growth factors, and affecting the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein. HupA has also been found to interact with specific receptors in the brain, like N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and affect certain potassium currents, which further contribute to its neuroprotective effects. Importantly, HupA has shown safety in both animal and human studies, with no unexpected harmful effects. In clinical trials, it demonstrated significant improvement in memory deficits for elderly individuals with forgetfulness and patients with Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. It’s even considered a potential protective agent against poisoning caused by certain toxins.

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PRE-WORKOUT COMPARISON CHART

NorthStar Nutrition™ BPN® Podium® C4®
Citrulline Malate
8,000 mg
2,000 mg of L-Citrulline
4,000 mg of L-Citrulline
1,000 mg
CarnoSyn® Beta-Alanine
4,000 mg
3,200 mg
3,200 mg non-patented Beta-Alanine
1,600 mg
Betaine Anhydrous
3,000 mg
2,500 mg
0 mg
0 mg
L-Tyrosine
1,500 mg
1,500 mg of N-Acetyle-L-Tryosine
1,000 mg
0 mg
Alpha GPC
600 mg
0 mg
0 mg
0 mg
L-Theanine
400 mg
0 mg
0 mg
0 mg
ElevATP
150 mg
0 mg
150 mg
0 mg
Caffeine
150 mg
300 mg
200 mg
150 mg
DiCaffeine Malate
Provides 50mg caffeine
Provides 25mg caffeine
0 mg
0 mg
BioPerine
10 mg
5 mg
0 mg
0 mg
Huperzine A
400 mcg
5mg of Huperzia Serrata Extract
200 mcg
0 mg
Artificially Flavored
No
Yes
No
Yes
Artificially Sweetened
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Artificially Colored
No
No
No
Yes

NORTHSTAR NUTRITION BLOG